No one knows how much publishers make in return for providing these modest services, but we can guess. In 2017, the Association of Research Libraries surveyed its 123 member institutions and found they were paying a collective $1 billion in journal subscriptions every year. The ARL covers some of the biggest universities, but not nearly all of them, so let’s guess that number accounts for half of all university subscription spending. In 2023, the federal government estimated it paid nearly $380 million in article processing charges alone, and those are separate from subscriptions. So it wouldn’t be crazy if American universities were paying something like $2.5 billion to publishers every year, with the majority of that ultimately coming from taxpayers.
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Mwale得意地分享着自己的与众不同，“我不是那种非要拍出自己作品的迷影分子，从爱看电影的少年时期开始，就关注产业发展和商业形态，希望我们地区的电影被全世界看到。这个心愿让我在短短几年时间，从一个表演工作坊的学生和影展志愿者，成为ZIFF的CEO”。在Mwale的运营下，如今的ZIFF远不只是电影节，还涉及音乐、戏剧、文化讲座，甚至体育。不仅把电影带到岛屿的偏远社区，甚至还让当地女性开始踢足球——是的，你没看错：因为电影节，保守的桑给巴尔女性开始踢球了。